Forum

Do Dynamics of Crop Maturation and Herbivorous Insect Life Cycle Influence the Risk of Adaptation to Toxins in Transgenic Host Plants?
David W. Onstad and Fred Gould .... 517

Moisture, a Vital but Neglected Factor in the Seasonal Ecology of Insects: Hypotheses and Tests of Mechanisms.
Maurice J. Tauber, Catherine A. Tauber, Jan P. Nyrop, and Michael G. Villani .... 523

Comparative Life Histories and Predation Types: Are Neoseiulus californicus and N. fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Similar Type II Selective Predators of Spider Mites?.
B. A. Croft, L. N. Monetti, and P. D. Pratt .... 531

Pest Management and Sampling

Canyon Drift and Dispersion of Bacillus thuringiensis and Its Effects on Select Nontarget Lepidopterans in Utah.
Wayne H. Whaley, John Anhold, and G. Bruce Schaalje .... 539

Pecan Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Emergence in a Range of Soil Types.
Stephen M. Schraer, Marvin Harris, John A. Jackman, and Michael Biggerstaff .... 549

General Program for Determining Instar Distributions from Headcapsule Widths: Example Analysis of Mountain Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytide) Data.
J. A. Logan, B. J. Bentz, J. C. Vandygriff, and D. L. Turner .... 555

Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) Dispersion and the Failure of Binomial Sampling to Estimate Population Density. 
David R. Gray, Richard A. Evans, and Scott M. Salom .... 564

Comparisons of Two Trapping Methods for Hylobius pales (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Virginia.
Christopher J. Fettig and Scott M. Salom .... 572

Effect of Reduced Insecticide and Fungicide Use on Parasitism of Leafminers (Phyllonorycter spp.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Commercial Apple Orchards. 
R. G. Van Driesche, J. L. Mason, S. E. Wright, and R. J. Prokopy .... 578

Community and Ecosystem Ecology

Nonpersistent Virus Transmission Efficiency Determined by Aphid Probing Behavior During Intracellular Punctures. 
J. L. Collar and A. Fereres 
583

Gall Morphology and Community Composition in Asphondylia flocossa (Cecidomyiidae) Galls on Atriplex polycarpa (Chenopodiaceae). 
Kevin A. Dixon, Robert R. Lerma, Timothy P. Craig, and Kimberly A. Hughes .... 592

Biodegradation of Poultry Manure by House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae). 
D.R. Barnard, R.H. Harms, and D.R. Sloan .... 600

Flight Phenology of Parasitic Wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Georgia's Piedmont. 
Christine M. Gaasch, John Pickering, and Clinton T. Moore .... 606

Population Ecology

Oviposition Preference and Larval Performance of Nematus oligospilus (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in Relation to Host Plant Vigor. 
Timothy G. Carr, Heikki Roininen, and Peter W. Price .... 615

Contribution of Avian Feces to Fecundity in the Mexican Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). 
Donald B. Thomas .... 626

Effects of Endophytic Fungus, Nutrient Level, and Plant Damage on Performance of Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). 
Thomas L. Bultman and Nyree J. Conard .... 631

Microgeographic and Vertical Distribution of Acromyrmex landolti (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Nests in a Neotropical Savanna. 
Stephen L. Lapointe, Miguel S. Serrano, and Peter G. Jones .... 636

Colonization of a New Fruit Crop by Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Brazil: a Demographic Analysis. 
Regina L. Sugayama, Adalecio Kovaleski, Pablo Liedo, and Aldo Malavasi.... 642

Movement and Survival of Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Larvae in Mixtures of Nontransgenic and Transgenic Canola Containing a cryIA(c) Gene of Bacillus thuringiensis. 
Suresh Ramachandran, G. David Buntin, John N. All, Paul L. Raymer, and C. Neal Stewart, Jr. .... 649

Density-Dependent Parasitism of the Hackberry Nipplegall Maker (Homoptera: Psyllidae): A Multi-Scale Analysis. 
John T. Lill .... 657

Effect of Temperature on Development, Survivorship, and Reproduction of Rice Root Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). 
James H. Tsai and Ying-Hong Liu .... 662

Physiological and Chemical Ecology

Effect of an Azadirachtin Formulation on Six Nontarget Aquatic Macroinvertebrates. 
Florence V. Dunkel and David C. Richards .... 667 

Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Reproductive Development as a Function of Temperature. 
D. W. Spurgeon and J. R. Raulston .... 675

Effects of Physical and Chemical Signals on Host Foraging Behavior of Drino inconspicua (Diptera: Tachinidae), a Generalist Parasitoid. 
Cornelia Dippel and Monika Hilker .... 682

Structure Activity Relationships of Phenyl Alkyl Alcohols, Phenyl Alkyl Amines, and Cinnamyl Alcohol Derivatives as Attractants for Adult Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Diabrotica spp.). 
Richard J. Petroski and Leslie Hammack .... 688

Development of Hydrotaea aenescens and Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) in Poultry and Pig Manures of Different Moisture Content. 
Robert Farkas, Jerome A. Hogsette, and Lszl Brzsnyi .... 695

Winter Mortality of Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Eggs in Michigan. 
D. Smitley, J. Andresen, R. Priest, R. Mech, and D. McCullough .... 700

Palatability of Coloradia pandora (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Eggs to a Rodent Predator: Contributions of Physical and Chemical Characteristics. .... Elizabeth A. Gerson, Rick G. Kelsey, William C. McComb, and Darrell W. Ross .... 709

Biological Control

Biological Control of Bruchids in Cowpea Stores by Release of Dinarmus basalis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Adults. 
A. Sanon, A. P. Ouedraogo, Y. Tricault, P. F. Credland, and J. Huignard .... 717

Abundance of Parasitoids of Archips argyrospila (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Louisiana. 
Hanxin Wei, Richard A. Goyer, and Gerald Lenhard .... 726

Biology and Host Preference of Nephopteryx divisella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Candidate Agent for Biological Control of Leafy Spurge Complex in North America. 
M. Cristofaro, F. Sale, G. Campobasso, L. Knutson, and V. Sbordoni .... 731 

Effect of Temperature and Vapor Pressure Deficit on the Flight Activity of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). 
Y. Zhang and J. L. Shipp .... 736

Potential for Competition Among Natural Enemies of Larvae of Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Southern Plains. 
R. C. Berberet and A. D. Bisges .... 743

Functional Responses of Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Under Laboratory and Field Conditions. 
Baode Wang and David N. Ferro .... 752

Sugarcane Stemborers and Their Parasites in Southern Texas. 
R. L. Meagher, Jr., J. W. Smith, Jr., H. W. Browning, and R. R. Saldana .... 759

Laboratory Evaluation of Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as Predators of Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Larvae. 
H. Suenaga and T. Hamamura .... 767 

Host Location and Utilization by Selected Parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): Implications for Augmentative Biological Control.
Kevin M. Heinz and Michael P. Parrella .... 773

Influence of Entomopathogenic Fungi on Serangium parcesetosum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), an Important Predator of Whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae).
Tadeusz J. Poprawski, Jesusa Crisostomo Legaspi, and Paul E. Parker .... 785

Prevalence of Erynia neoaphidis (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) Infections of Green Peach Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Spinach in the Arkansas River Valley. 
P. J. McLeod, D. C. Steinkraus, J. C. Correll, and T. E. Morelock .... 796